When a block is broken in a layout, we show a red message as the block description:

...but there is no hint whatsoever elsewhere. I would expect that red color to "propagate" back all the way forming some sort of trail that the site admin could follow. So there should be a site status error too that triggers the admin bar red badge to show:

...and then on the manage layouts page, the layout name (and perhaps the template icon too) should also be red:

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OMG thank u... you are amazing.
Hiding Blocks for Small Screens
I use a similar module (Tocbot) which uses the same library, but the implementation is different. This is what I use to target the block: @media (max-width: 47.99em) { .js-toc-block.is-...
Hiding Blocks for Small Screens
So the implication is that another module is causing the trouble. Now for the slow process of elimination... Sounds plausible. And good luck with digging...
How to troubleshoot interactive image cropping modules?