Is it possible with core alone to configure a site so that a role has the ability to create a node, but not publish it?
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It seems that one is not able to assign specific permission to publish a content type with Backdrop CMS core.
However, there are contrib modules that allow this. Such as the Publish Content module.
https://backdropcms.org/project/publishcontent
This module adds these permissions:

Another module which allows to configure publishing permissions (and other node options) per role, is Override Node Options.
It seems that one is not able to assign specific permission to publish a content type with Backdrop CMS core.
However, there are contrib modules that allow this. Such as the Publish Content module.
https://backdropcms.org/project/publishcontent
This module adds these permissions: